·论 著·

微创闭合复位内固定与传统切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折疗效分析

刘 明,钱宇航,尹 豫,周 勇,王义兵,步建立*

(中国人民解放军白求恩国际和平医院骨二科,河北 石家庄 050082)

[摘要] 目的探讨微创闭合复位内固定与传统切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效,提出新的确定跟骨骨折复位的参考标准。方法回顾性分析SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折患者58例,随机分为对照组及观察组各29例,对照组采用传统跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,观察组采用微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定。对比2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用、切口并发症、Böhler角和Gissane角、胫距跟弧线、二次取出内固定手术时间等观察指标。结果观察组在手术时间、术中出血量、切口并发症、住院费用、二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用上明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。复位良好的跟骨骨折,胫骨后缘、距骨后缘、跟骨后缘最高点的连线是一条平顺的弧线,且与距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率同健侧相比较大致相同。结论微创闭合复位内固定与传统切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折均有疗效,但微创闭合复位内固定能减少手术时间、术中出血量、切口并发症、住院费用及二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用,值得临床推广应用。胫距跟弧线对跟骨骨折复位情况具有参考价值。

[关键词] 骨折;跟骨;外科手术,微创性

跟骨骨折多为垂直暴力损伤,约占全身骨折的2%[1-6],约占跗骨骨折的60%[1,7-8],而涉及关节面的约占所有骨折的1%~4%[9],具有较高的致残率,而手术治疗[1,10]能有效的降低致残率,目前手术方案的选择,一是Veltman等[7]推荐的跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,二是微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定,本研究选择SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折患者58例,其中29例应用跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,29例应用微创闭合复位内固定,对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、切口并发症、临床功能、Böhler角和Gissane角、胫距跟弧线、住院费用、二次取出内固定手术时间等,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 选择2016年1月—2017年1月我院收治的SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折患者58例,随机分为对照组及观察组各29例,对照组采用跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,观察组采用微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定。对照组男性25例,女性4例,年龄19~45岁,平均(32.34±7.03)岁;受伤原因:高处坠落伤26例,车祸伤3例。观察组男性26例,女性3例,年龄19~45岁,平均(34.21±7.55)岁;受伤原因:高处坠落伤25例,车祸伤3例,砸伤1例。2组性别、年龄、受伤原因差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

本研究经医院伦理委员会审批通过,所有患者知情同意并签署知情同意书。

1.2 治疗方法 对照组采用跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,麻醉生效后,常规消毒铺单,大腿根部上气囊止血带,取跟骨外侧L形切口,以外踝尖后上2 cm及跟腱外侧缘为起点至第5跖骨基底部,垂直跟骨外侧皮质全层切开至骨质,掀开外侧皮瓣,暴露骨折及后外侧关节面,手法复位,克氏针临时固定。C型臂透视见骨折复位满意后安放外侧跟骨钢板及螺钉,常规冲洗,放置引流管1根,缝合切口,无菌敷料包扎。

观察组采用微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定,麻醉生效后,常规消毒铺单,以跟骨塌陷区域为克氏针进入和撬拨点,大多从跟骨结节上方或从载距突的下方从跟骨内侧面到外侧片或者两个进针点结合,打入斯氏针(4.0 mm)至距下关节面下方骨折处,撬拨复位关节面,同时挤压距下关节面下方隆起的跟骨外侧壁,再纵向拉伸跟骨,恢复跟骨的长度、高度、Böhler 角、Gissane 角及胫距跟弧线。C型臂透视确认复位满意后,自跟骨后方向跟骨前突方向打入3~4枚导针,穿过骨折线至跟骰关节面下,2枚靠近跟骨前突底部皮质,维持跟骨的长度,1~2枚位于载距突下方,维持跟骨高度,C型臂透视确认导针位置满意后拧入合适长度的空心螺钉。常规冲洗后缝合切口,无菌敷料包扎。

1.3 二次手术 对照组,麻醉生效后,常规消毒铺单,取原切口,暴露至内固定,完整取出内固定,常规冲洗,放置引流管1根,缝合切口,无菌敷料包扎。观察组,局部麻醉生效后,常规消毒铺单,取原切口,暴露至内固定,完整取出内固定,常规冲洗后缝合切口,无菌敷料包扎。

1.4 观察指标 ①手术时间,自手术开始至手术结束的时间;②术中出血量;③切口愈合问题,包括切口愈合良好、切口裂开、 皮缘坏死、 感染;④住院费用,针对治疗跟骨骨折的费用(包括治疗切口愈合问题的费用),除外治疗其他疾病的费用(如高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等);⑤功能评分,术后12个月随访,采用美国矫形足踝协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Association,AOFAS)评分系统评定临床功能,术后拍摄跟骨轴位 X 线片测量 Böhler 角、 Gissane 角及胫距跟弧线,并与术前比较;⑥二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量及住院费用。

1.5 统计学方法 应用SPSS19.0统计软件分析数据。等级资料比较采用秩和检验,计量资料比较采用独立样本的t检验和配对t检验。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 2组切口情况比较 观察组患者的切口并发症发生率明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表1。

表1 2组患者切口情况比较
Table 1 Comparison of incision in two groups of patients (n=29,例数,%)

组别愈合良好切口裂开皮缘坏死感染对照组21(72.41)2(6.90)3(10.34)3(10.34)观察组29(100.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)Z值3.010P值0.003

2.2 2组患者手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用比较 观察组在手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

表2 2组患者手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用比较
Table 2 Comparison of operation time,bleeding volume and hospitalization costs of two groups of patients

组别手术时间(min)术中出血量(mL)住院费用(万元)对照组81.970±19.00852.760±12.7191.572±0.397观察组44.140±11.6559.480±4.0850.872±0.113t值9.13617.4469.127P值0.011<0.001<0.001

2.3 2组患者术后Böhler 角、Gissane 角、AOFAS评分比较 术后2组胫距跟弧线皆是顺滑弧线,2组在Böhler 角、Gissane 角和AOFAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。

表3 2组患者术后Böhler 角、Gissane角、AOFAS评分比较
Table 3 Comparison of the scores of Böhler,Gissane and AOFAS after operation in two groups

组别Böhler角(°)Gissane角(°)AOFAS评分(分)对照组33.717±5.628121.728±11.61192.210±5.260观察组34.569±5.028123.683±10.42191.720±5.063t值0.6080.6750.356P值0.5960.2480.765

2.4 2组患者二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用比较 观察组在二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用上均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。

表4 2组患者在二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量和住院费用比较
Table 4 Comparison of fixed operation time,intraoperative bleeding and hospitalization costs in two groups of patients with secondary extraction

组别手术时间(min)术中出血量(mL)住院费用(万元)对照组67.760±9.87316.550±5.5260.731±0.081观察组22.590±4.9326.900±2.4690.286±0.064t值22.0428.59023.277P值0.008<0.0010.022

2.5 2组患者术前、术后胫距跟弧线的比较 复位良好的跟骨骨折,胫骨后缘、距骨后缘、跟骨后缘最高点的连线是一条平顺的弧线,且与距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率同健侧相比较大致相同。见图1~3。

图1 骨折后与距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率增大
A.对照组;B.观察组
Figure 1 The curvature of the arc tangent to the highest point of the posterior edge of the talus was increased after the fracture
图2 复位良好的跟骨骨折胫骨后缘、距骨后缘、跟骨后缘最高点的连线是一条平顺的弧线
A.对照组;B.观察组
Figure 2 With a well-reduced calcaneal fracture,the connection between the highest point of the posterior edge of the tibia, the highest point of the posterior edge of the talus,and the highest point of the posterior edge of the calcaneus was a smooth arc
图3 复位良好的跟骨骨折与距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率同健侧相比较大致相同
A.对照组;B.观察组
Figure 3 With a well-reduced calcaneal fracture, the curvature of the arc tangent to the highest point of the posterior edge of the talus is roughly the same as that of the healthy side

3 讨 论

3.1 两种手术方式疗效分析 跟骨部位血供较差,骨折后跟骨的高度、长度丧失,关节面受损,保守治疗往往无法达到良好的治疗效果,会遗留较多的并发症,主要表现为肿痛、活动受限、跛行步态等,致残率较高,给患者带来巨大的痛苦,而这往往是引起医患矛盾的根源所在,因此多选择手术治疗[11-13],跟骨骨折中SanderⅡ型跟骨骨折是最常见的类型,目前手术方案的选择,一是传统的跟骨外侧L形切口切开复位内固定,二是新兴的微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定,本研究表明微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定比传统切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折在手术时间、术中出血量、切口并发症、住院费用及二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用上占据优势。

传统手术的并发症发生率较高[6],其中最主要最常见的为切口愈合问题,据文献报道[3,14-15],术后切口感染率约12%,皮瓣坏死率为13.6%,切口裂开率为24%。本研究中对照组切口感染率为10.34%,皮缘坏死率为10.34%,切口裂开率为6.90%,与大多数文献相一致,而观察组中感染率、皮缘坏死率、切口裂开率均为0.00%。本研究发现出现切口感染、皮缘坏死、切口裂开的原因主要是为以下几点:①传统手术分离跟骨外侧软组织与外侧壁,破坏了外侧软组织的血运,术后切口周围软组织的肿胀更影响了切口周围的血运[16]。②手术时间,手术时间越长,手术操作对软组织造成损伤越大,并且导致软组织缺血时间越长[17]。③术中使用止血带,使用止血带后跟骨外侧软组织缺氧、缺血,止血带使用时间越长,缺氧、缺血的时间越长,而止血带松开时组织缺血再灌注会再次损伤跟骨外侧软组织,这些都不利于术后切口的愈合[18]。切口感染、皮瓣坏死、切口裂开后住院时间及住院费用相应也会提高[19],而经微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定,恰恰回避了上述问题[6,20-21],并且近来的研究认为通过微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定对于Sanders Ⅲ型、Sanders Ⅳ型同样效果较好,各个骨折类型的复位及AFOS等功能评分差异无统计学意义[14]

综上所述,微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定与传统切开复位内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ型跟骨骨折均有显著疗效,术后恢复效果均满意,但微创经皮撬拨闭合复位内固定在手术时间、术中出血量、切口并发症、住院费用及二次取出内固定手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用上占有优势,符合现代骨科微创治疗的理念,值得临床推广应用。

3.2 新的跟骨骨折复位的参考标准 Böhler 角、Gissane 角在术前评估骨折严重程度以及术中明确骨折复位效果上意义重大[13,22]。本研究发现胫骨后缘、距骨后缘、跟骨后缘最高点的连线是一条平顺的弧线,即:胫距跟弧线,当骨折后与距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率增大(与同一患者健侧相比较),复位良好的跟骨骨折,距骨后缘最高点相切的弧线的曲率同健侧相比较大致相同,这对跟骨骨折的良好复位有一定的参考作用,这个发现目前尚无相关报道,仍缺乏大样本随机对照研究,本研究样本量较小,所得到的结论仍需多中心大样本临床试验进一步证实。

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Therapeutic effect of calcaneal fractures with minimally invasive closed fixation and traditional open reduction fixation

LIU Ming, QIAN Yu-hang, YIN Yu, ZHOU Yong, WANG Yi-bing, BU Jian-li*

(The Second Department of Orthopaedics, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, China)

[Abstract] Objective To study the efficacy of minimally invasive closed fixation and traditional open internal fixation intraarticular calcaneal fractures. A new reference standard for determining the reduction of calcaneal fractures is proposed. Methods Retrospective analysis of 58 cases of Sanders Ⅱ calcaneal fractures admitted to our hospital, and they randomly divided into 29 cases in the control group and 29 cases in the observation group. The control group was the traditional lateral Ⅰ-incision reduction and internal fixation of the calcaneus. The observation group was closed reset internal fixation with minimally invasive percutaneous priming. Surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, hospital expenses, incision complications, Böhler and Gissane angles, tibia and arc, fixed operation time in secondary extraction, etc were compared. Results The observation group was superior to the control group in the time of operation, the amount of bleeding during surgery, the complication of incision, the cost of hospitalization, the fixed time of surgery, the amount of bleeding during surgery, and the cost of hospitalization(P<0.05). With a well-reduced calcaneal fracture, the connection between the highest point of the posterior edge of the tibia, the highest point of the posterior edge of the talus, and the highest point of the posterior edge of the calcaneus was a smooth arc, and the curvature of the arc tangent to the highest point of the posterior edge of the talus is roughly the same as that of the healthy side. Conclusion The efficacy of minimally invasive closed fixation and traditional open internal fixation in the treatment of calcaneal fractures is true. However, minimally invasive closed internal fixation can greatly reduce surgical time, intraoperative hemorrhage, incision complications, hospitalization costs, and secondary extraction internal fixation time, intraoperative hemorrhage, and hospitalization costs. It is worth clinical application. The tibial distance and arc lines have reference value to the reduction of calcaneal fractures.

[Key words] fractures; calcaneus; surgical procedures; minimally invasive

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2020.06.011

[中图分类号] R683

[文献标志码]A

[文章编号]1007-3205(2020)06-0665-05

[收稿日期]2018-10-17;[修回日期]2019-01-21

[作者简介]刘明(1983-),男,河北无极人,中国人民解放军白求恩国际和平医院主治医师,医学硕士,从事创伤骨科疾病诊治研究。

*通信作者。E-mail:doctorbjl@sina.com

(本文编辑:杜媛鲲)